![]() ![]() Released plastic debris is transported in water, soil, and air. ![]() As most plastic pollution originates in urban environments, studies of urban watersheds, particularly those with high population densities and industrial activities, are especially relevant with respect to source apportionment. The shortage of systematic studies of freshwater and terrestrial systems is a critical research gap because estimates of plastic release into these systems are much higher than those for oceans. Information on freshwater and terrestrial systems is lacking, and data on nanoplastic pollution are particularly sparse. ![]() Most of the nano and microplastic (N&MP) pollution in marine environments is assumed to originate from land-based sources, but their sources, transport routes, and transformations are uncertain. Their widespread presence may pose a threat to marine organisms globally. The growing and pervasive presence of plastic pollution has attracted considerable interest in recent years, especially small (< 5 mm) plastic particles known as ‘microplastics’ (MPs). ![]()
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